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UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="8.15. types — Names for built-in types" href="types.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="8.11. weakref — Weak references" href="weakref.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/userdict.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. 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Data Types</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-UserDict"> <span id="userdict-class-wrapper-for-dictionary-objects"></span><h1>8.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserDict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/UserDict.py">Lib/UserDict.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The module defines a mixin, <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>, defining all dictionary methods for classes that already have a minimum mapping interface. This greatly simplifies writing classes that need to be substitutable for dictionaries (such as the shelve module).</p> <p>This module also defines a class, <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a>, that acts as a wrapper around dictionary objects. The need for this class has been largely supplanted by the ability to subclass directly from <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a> (a feature that became available starting with Python version 2.2). Prior to the introduction of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class was used to create dictionary-like sub-classes that obtained new behaviors by overriding existing methods or adding new ones.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserDict" title="UserDict: Class wrapper for dictionary objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> module defines the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class and <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="UserDict.UserDict"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">UserDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>initialdata</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Class that simulates a dictionary. The instance’s contents are kept in a regular dictionary, which is accessible via the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> instances. If <em>initialdata</em> is provided, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> is initialized with its contents; note that a reference to <em>initialdata</em> will not be kept, allowing it be used for other purposes.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">For backward compatibility, instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> are not iterable.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="UserDict.IterableUserDict"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">IterableUserDict</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>initialdata</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> that supports direct iteration (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">key</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">myDict</span></code>).</p> </dd></dl> <p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mappings (see section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#typesmapping"><span class="std std-ref">Mapping Types — dict</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict" title="UserDict.IterableUserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IterableUserDict</span></code></a> instances provide the following attribute:</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="UserDict.IterableUserDict.data"> <code class="descclassname">IterableUserDict.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.IterableUserDict.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A real dictionary used to store the contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.UserDict" title="UserDict.UserDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code></a> class.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="UserDict.DictMixin"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserDict.</code><code class="descname">DictMixin</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Mixin defining all dictionary methods for classes that already have a minimum dictionary interface including <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__setitem__" title="object.__setitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__setitem__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__delitem__" title="object.__delitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__delitem__()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keys()</span></code>.</p> <p>This mixin should be used as a superclass. Adding each of the above methods adds progressively more functionality. For instance, defining all but <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__delitem__" title="object.__delitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__delitem__()</span></code></a> will preclude only <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pop()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popitem()</span></code> from the full interface.</p> <p>In addition to the four base methods, progressively more efficiency comes with defining <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__contains__" title="object.__contains__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__" title="object.__iter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></code></a>, and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iteritems()</span></code>.</p> <p>Since the mixin has no knowledge of the subclass constructor, it does not define <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__init__" title="object.__init__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="copy.html#module-copy" title="copy: Shallow and deep copy operations."><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Starting with Python version 2.6, it is recommended to use <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.MutableMapping" title="collections.MutableMapping"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.MutableMapping</span></code></a> instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserDict.DictMixin" title="UserDict.DictMixin"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DictMixin</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Note that DictMixin does not implement the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.viewkeys" title="dict.viewkeys"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">viewkeys()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.viewvalues" title="dict.viewvalues"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">viewvalues()</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#dict.viewitems" title="dict.viewitems"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">viewitems()</span></code></a> methods.</p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="module-UserList"> <span id="userlist-class-wrapper-for-list-objects"></span><h1>8.13. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for list objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserList" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p>When Python 2.2 was released, many of the use cases for this class were subsumed by the ability to subclass <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code> directly. However, a handful of use cases remain.</p> <p>This module provides a list-interface around an underlying data store. By default, that data store is a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code>; however, it can be used to wrap a list-like interface around other objects (such as persistent storage).</p> <p class="last">In addition, this class can be mixed-in with built-in classes using multiple inheritance. This can sometimes be useful. For example, you can inherit from <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> at the same time. That would not be possible with both a real <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code> and a real <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>.</p> </div> <p>This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around list objects. It is a useful base class for your own list-like classes, which can inherit from them and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new behaviors to lists.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList" title="UserList: Class wrapper for list objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> module defines the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> class:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="UserList.UserList"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserList.</code><code class="descname">UserList</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>list</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserList.UserList" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Class that simulates a list. The instance’s contents are kept in a regular list, which is accessible via the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList.data" title="UserList.UserList.data"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code></a> attribute of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> instances. The instance’s contents are initially set to a copy of <em>list</em>, defaulting to the empty list <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[]</span></code>. <em>list</em> can be any iterable, e.g. a real Python list or a <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> object.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> class has been moved to the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a> module in Python 3. The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-2to3"><span class="xref std std-term">2to3</span></a> tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to Python 3.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of mutable sequences (see section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#typesseq"><span class="std std-ref">Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> instances provide the following attribute:</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="UserList.UserList.data"> <code class="descclassname">UserList.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserList.UserList.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A real Python list object used to store the contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> class.</p> </dd></dl> <p><strong>Subclassing requirements:</strong> Subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserList.UserList" title="UserList.UserList"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code></a> are expected to offer a constructor which can be called with either no arguments or one argument. List operations which return a new sequence attempt to create an instance of the actual implementation class. To do so, it assumes that the constructor can be called with a single parameter, which is a sequence object used as a data source.</p> <p>If a derived class does not wish to comply with this requirement, all of the special methods supported by this class will need to be overridden; please consult the sources for information about the methods which need to be provided in that case.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.0: </span>Python versions 1.5.2 and 1.6 also required that the constructor be callable with no parameters, and offer a mutable <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute. Earlier versions of Python did not attempt to create instances of the derived class.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="module-UserString"> <span id="userstring-class-wrapper-for-string-objects"></span><h1>8.14. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> — Class wrapper for string objects<a class="headerlink" href="#module-UserString" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class from this module is available for backward compatibility only. If you are writing code that does not need to work with versions of Python earlier than Python 2.2, please consider subclassing directly from the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> type instead of using <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> (there is no built-in equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a>).</p> </div> <p>This module defines a class that acts as a wrapper around string objects. It is a useful base class for your own string-like classes, which can inherit from them and override existing methods or add new ones. In this way one can add new behaviors to strings.</p> <p>It should be noted that these classes are highly inefficient compared to real string or Unicode objects; this is especially the case for <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString" title="UserString: Class wrapper for string objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> module defines the following classes:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="UserString.UserString"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserString.</code><code class="descname">UserString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>sequence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.UserString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Class that simulates a string or a Unicode string object. The instance’s content is kept in a regular string or Unicode string object, which is accessible via the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data</span></code> attribute of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> instances. The instance’s contents are initially set to a copy of <em>sequence</em>. <em>sequence</em> can be either a regular Python string or Unicode string, an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> (or a subclass) or an arbitrary sequence which can be converted into a string using the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> function.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class has been moved to the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a> module in Python 3. The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-2to3"><span class="xref std std-term">2to3</span></a> tool will automatically adapt imports when converting your sources to Python 3.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="UserString.MutableString"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">UserString.</code><code class="descname">MutableString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>sequence</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This class is derived from the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> above and redefines strings to be <em>mutable</em>. Mutable strings can’t be used as dictionary keys, because dictionaries require <em>immutable</em> objects as keys. The main intention of this class is to serve as an educational example for inheritance and necessity to remove (override) the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__" title="object.__hash__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__hash__()</span></code></a> method in order to trap attempts to use a mutable object as dictionary key, which would be otherwise very error prone and hard to track down.</p> <div class="deprecated"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.MutableString" title="UserString.MutableString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MutableString</span></code></a> class has been removed in Python 3.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>In addition to supporting the methods and operations of string and Unicode objects (see section <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#string-methods"><span class="std std-ref">String Methods</span></a>), <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> instances provide the following attribute:</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="UserString.MutableString.data"> <code class="descclassname">MutableString.</code><code class="descname">data</code><a class="headerlink" href="#UserString.MutableString.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A real Python string or Unicode object used to store the content of the <a class="reference internal" href="#UserString.UserString" title="UserString.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class.</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">8.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserList">8.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code> — Class wrapper for list objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-UserString">8.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code> — Class wrapper for string objects</a></li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="weakref.html" title="previous chapter">8.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="types.html" title="next chapter">8.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Names for built-in types</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/userdict.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="types.html" title="8.15. types — Names for built-in types" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="weakref.html" title="8.11. weakref — Weak references" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="datatypes.html" >8. 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