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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>7.9. unicodedata — Unicode Database — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="7.10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation" href="stringprep.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="7.8. codecs — Codec registry and base classes" href="codecs.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/unicodedata.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. 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String Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-unicodedata"> <span id="unicodedata-unicode-database"></span><h1>7.9. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unicodedata" title="unicodedata: Access the Unicode Database."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code></a> — Unicode Database<a class="headerlink" href="#module-unicodedata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p id="index-0">This module provides access to the Unicode Character Database which defines character properties for all Unicode characters. The data in this database is based on the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UnicodeData.txt</span></code> file version 5.2.0 which is publicly available from <a class="reference external" href="ftp://ftp.unicode.org/">ftp://ftp.unicode.org/</a>.</p> <p>The module uses the same names and symbols as defined by the UnicodeData File Format 5.2.0 (see <a class="reference external" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/">https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/</a>). It defines the following functions:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.lookup"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">lookup</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.lookup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Look up character by name. If a character with the given name is found, return the corresponding Unicode character. If not found, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is raised.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.name"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">name</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the name assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as a string. If no name is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.decimal"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">decimal</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.decimal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the decimal value assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as integer. If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.digit"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">digit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.digit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the digit value assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as integer. If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.numeric"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">numeric</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>default</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.numeric" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the numeric value assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as float. If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.category"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">category</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.category" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the general category assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as string.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.bidirectional"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">bidirectional</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.bidirectional" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the bidirectional class assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as string. If no such value is defined, an empty string is returned.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.combining"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">combining</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.combining" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the canonical combining class assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as integer. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if no combining class is defined.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.east_asian_width"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">east_asian_width</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.east_asian_width" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the east asian width assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as string.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.mirrored"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">mirrored</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.mirrored" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the mirrored property assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as integer. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the character has been identified as a “mirrored” character in bidirectional text, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> otherwise.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.decomposition"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">decomposition</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unichr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.decomposition" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns the character decomposition mapping assigned to the Unicode character <em>unichr</em> as string. An empty string is returned in case no such mapping is defined.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="unicodedata.normalize"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">normalize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>form</em>, <em>unistr</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.normalize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the normal form <em>form</em> for the Unicode string <em>unistr</em>. Valid values for <em>form</em> are ‘NFC’, ‘NFKC’, ‘NFD’, and ‘NFKD’.</p> <p>The Unicode standard defines various normalization forms of a Unicode string, based on the definition of canonical equivalence and compatibility equivalence. In Unicode, several characters can be expressed in various way. For example, the character U+00C7 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA) can also be expressed as the sequence U+0043 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C) U+0327 (COMBINING CEDILLA).</p> <p>For each character, there are two normal forms: normal form C and normal form D. Normal form D (NFD) is also known as canonical decomposition, and translates each character into its decomposed form. Normal form C (NFC) first applies a canonical decomposition, then composes pre-combined characters again.</p> <p>In addition to these two forms, there are two additional normal forms based on compatibility equivalence. In Unicode, certain characters are supported which normally would be unified with other characters. For example, U+2160 (ROMAN NUMERAL ONE) is really the same thing as U+0049 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I). However, it is supported in Unicode for compatibility with existing character sets (e.g. gb2312).</p> <p>The normal form KD (NFKD) will apply the compatibility decomposition, i.e. replace all compatibility characters with their equivalents. The normal form KC (NFKC) first applies the compatibility decomposition, followed by the canonical composition.</p> <p>Even if two unicode strings are normalized and look the same to a human reader, if one has combining characters and the other doesn’t, they may not compare equal.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>In addition, the module exposes the following constant:</p> <dl class="data"> <dt id="unicodedata.unidata_version"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">unidata_version</code><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.unidata_version" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The version of the Unicode database used in this module.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0"> <code class="descclassname">unicodedata.</code><code class="descname">ucd_3_2_0</code><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This is an object that has the same methods as the entire module, but uses the Unicode database version 3.2 instead, for applications that require this specific version of the Unicode database (such as IDNA).</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>Examples:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unicodedata</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'LEFT CURLY BRACKET'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">u'{'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'SOLIDUS'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'9'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">9</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span> <span class="gr">ValueError</span>: <span class="n">not a decimal</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'A'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 'L'etter, 'u'ppercase</span> <span class="go">'Lu'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bidirectional</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">u</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\u0660</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># 'A'rabic, 'N'umber</span> <span class="go">'AN'</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="codecs.html" title="previous chapter">7.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="stringprep.html" title="next chapter">7.10. <code class="docutils literal 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