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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>16. Optional Operating System Services — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion" href="select.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="15.17. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python" href="ctypes.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/someos.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/someos.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="select.html" title="16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ctypes.html" title="15.17. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="optional-operating-system-services"> <span id="someos"></span><h1>16. Optional Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#optional-operating-system-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on selected operating systems only. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces but they are available on some other systems as well (e.g. Windows or NT). Here’s an overview:</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#polling-objects">16.1.2. Polling Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#kqueue-objects">16.1.3. Kqueue Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#kevent-objects">16.1.4. Kevent Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html">16.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Higher-level threading interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#thread-objects">16.2.1. Thread Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#lock-objects">16.2.2. Lock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#rlock-objects">16.2.3. RLock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#condition-objects">16.2.4. Condition Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#semaphore-objects">16.2.5. Semaphore Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#semaphore-example">16.2.5.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#event-objects">16.2.6. Event Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#timer-objects">16.2.7. Timer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">16.2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#importing-in-threaded-code">16.2.9. Importing in threaded code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="thread.html">16.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> — Multiple threads of control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_threading.html">16.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_thread.html">16.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based “threading” interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#introduction">16.6.1. Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">16.6.1.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">16.6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">16.6.1.3. Synchronization between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">16.6.1.4. Sharing state between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">16.6.1.5. Using a pool of workers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#reference">16.6.2. Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions">16.6.2.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> and exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">16.6.2.2. Pipes and Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">16.6.2.3. Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">16.6.2.4. Connection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">16.6.2.5. Synchronization primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">16.6.2.6. Shared <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">16.6.2.6.1. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#managers">16.6.2.7. Managers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">16.6.2.7.1. Customized managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">16.6.2.7.2. Using a remote manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">16.6.2.8. Proxy Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#cleanup">16.6.2.8.1. Cleanup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">16.6.2.9. Process Pools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">16.6.2.10. Listeners and Clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#address-formats">16.6.2.10.1. Address Formats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">16.6.2.11. Authentication keys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#logging">16.6.2.12. Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">16.6.2.13. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">16.6.3. Programming guidelines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#all-platforms">16.6.3.1. All platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#windows">16.6.3.2. Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#examples">16.6.4. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#init-file">16.8.1. Init file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#line-buffer">16.8.2. Line buffer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#history-file">16.8.3. History file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#history-list">16.8.4. History list</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#startup-hooks">16.8.5. Startup hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#completion">16.8.6. Completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#example">16.8.7. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html#completer-objects">16.9.1. Completer Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="ctypes.html" title="previous chapter">15.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="select.html" title="next chapter">16.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/someos.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="select.html" title="16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ctypes.html" title="15.17. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2024, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on December 09, 2024. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.8.5. </div> </body> </html>